Ecology of Rafflesia arnoldii (Rafflesiaceae) in Pandam Gadang West Sumatra
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11594/jtls.09.03.02Keywords:
Holoparasite, Maximum Entropy, Rafflesia arnoldii, Tetrastigma leucostaphylumAbstract
Pandam Gadang has tropical forests which become the habitat of Rafflesia (Rafflesia arnoldii) which grows as a parasite of Tetrastigma (Vitaceae). Study on R. arnoldii is needed since its population continuously decrease as a result of habitat destruction of its host. The aim of the study was to determine habitat conditions, vegetation structure, and characteristic of the host species of Rafflesia; to identify environmental factors, and determine the Rafflesia habitat suitability in Pandam Gadang Koto Tinggi Village, West Sumatra. Analysis of vegetation in the habitat where Rafflesia grows using a circular plot. The number of individuals Rafflesia found was recorded and completed with observations of its morphology. Micro-climate measurements were carried out together with data collection in the field. Flower morphological analysis was descriptively presented. Environmental parameters were-processed with Canoco software 4.56 using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Habitat suitability was analyzed using Maximum Entropy. The 17 Rafflesia individuals found on Pandam Gadang were R. arnoldii, known as "Cendawan Biriang", living parasitically on Tetrastigma leucostaphylum. The results of analysis of vegetation in the Rafflesia habitat showed that there were 250 individual plants consisting of 42 species and 21 genera. Seedlings most dominant was Lauraceae, belt were dominated by Moraceae, Meliaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. Trees were dominated by Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, and Meliaceae. Existence and survival of R. arnoldii depended on soil pH 7-7.8, environmental humidity 83-91.8 % and distance from the nearest river 3-27.8 m.
References
Nais J (2001) Rafflesia of the World. Kinabalu, Sabah Parks.
Susatya A (2011) Rafflesia pesona bunga terbesar di dunia. Jakarta, Pustaka Nasional
Mursidawati S, Irawati (2017) Biologi konservasi Rafflesia. Jakarta, LIPI Press.
Barcelona JF, Manting MME, Arbolonio RB et al. (2014) Rafflesia mixta (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Surigao del Norte, Mindanao, Philipines. Phytotaxa 174 (5): 272 – 278. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.174.5.3.
Nikolov LA, Endress PK, Sugumuran M et al. (2013) Developmental origins of the world’s largest flower, Rafflesiaceae. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences 46 (110): 18578 – 18583. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1310356110.
Hidayati SN, Walck JL (2016) A review of the biology of Rafflesia: what do we know and what's next? Botanic Garden Bulletin 19 (2): 67 - 78. doi: 10.1177/2F1940082918796011.
Peters RF, Ting YY (2016) Protection of Rafflesia through the appreciation of the Dusun’s indigenous knowledge; A preliminary case study at Poring–Sabah. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation (13): 27 – 42.
Pranata S, Sofiyanti N, Fitmawati (2016) Karakterisasi morfologi Rafflesia dan inangnya di kawasan Suaka Margasatwa Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling Kabupaten Kampar Provinsi Riau. Jurnal Riau Biologia 1 (2): 107 – 112.
Rahma Y, Arma SP, Syamsuardi (2017) Analisis vegetasi habitat Rafflesia Gadutensis Meijer. di Taman Hutan Raya Dr. M. Hatta, Kota Padang. Journal of Biological Scienc-es 4 (2): 196 – 201.
Whitten T, Damanik SJ (2012) Ecology of Sumatra. Washington DC, Tuttle Pub.
Metrizal (2018) Indahnya Goa Aie Singkek dan penemuan Rafflesia di Koto Tinggi. http://www.impiannews.com/ 2018/01/indahnya–goa–aie–singkek–danpenemuan.html. Accessed date: 2018.
Ramadhani DN, Setiawan A, Master J (2017) Populasi dan kondisi lingkungan Rafflesia arnoldii di Rhino–Camp Re-sort Sukarajan atas Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (TNBBS). Jurnal Sylva Lestari 5 (2): 128 – 141.
Simamora JM, Hikmat A, Zuhud EAM (2017) Pengaruh faktor biotik dan fisik lingkungan terhadap jumlah indi-vidu Rafflesia meijerii di Taman Nasional Batang Gadis. Media Konservasi 22 (1): 35 – 41.
Priatna DR, Zuhud EAM, Hadi S, Alikodra (1989) Kajian ekologis Rafflesia patma Blume di Cagar Alam Leuweung Sancang Jawa Barat. Media Konservasi 2 (2): 1 – 7.
Elith J, Phillips SJ, Hastie T et al. (2011) A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diver Distributions 17 (11): 43 – 57. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x.
Kedri FK, Hamzah Z, Sukri NS et al. (2018) Distribution and ecology of Rafflesia in Royal Belum State park, Perak, Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7: 292 – 296. doi: 10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13335.
Ali MA, Agus H, Zuhud EA (2015) Kajian karakteristik habitat Rafflesia (Rafflesia patma Blume) di cagar alam Bojonglarang Jayanti, Cianjur, Jawa Barat. Media Konservasi 20 (1): 9 – 14.
Hidayat S, Juhaeti T (2013) Asosiasi Alstonia spp. di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon. Bionatura 15 (1): 44 – 48.
Esfanjani J, Ghorbani A, Chahouki MAZ (2018) MaxEnt modelling for predicting impacts of environmental factors on the potential distribution of Artemisia aucheri and Bromus tomentellus–Fustuca ovina in Iran. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 27 (3): 1041 – 1047. doi: 10.15244/pjoes/76496.
Harsono T, Kurniawan AS, Prakasa H et al. (2016) Analisis spasial geografi dan maximum entropy untuk menentukan zona konservasi in situ pada Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) di Sumatera Utara. Pekanbaru, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perhimpunan Pemuliaan In-donesia (PERIPI). Pp 224 – 232.
Malinikova E, Kukla J, Kuklova M, Balazova M (2013) Altitudinal variation of plants traits: morphological characteristics in Fragaria vesca L. (Rosaceae). Annals of Forest Research 56 (1): 78 – 89.
Radnezhad H, Abari MF, Moshtaghi M, Sadeghi M (2015) Maximum entropy habitat suitability and distribution modelling of Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). Indian Journal of Natural Sciences (5): 976 – 997. doi: 10.22120/jwb.2019.98454.104
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The work has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or part of a published lecture or thesis) and it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. When the manuscript is accepted for publication in this journal, the authors agree to automatic transfer of the copyright to the publisher.
Journal of Tropical Life Science is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
_.png){kind=logo}
